Oedipus, a Tragic Hero free essay sample

The hero’s downfall, therefore, is partially his/her own fault. A. Easily angered B. Unwilling to accept truth. V. The hero’s misfortune is not wholly deserved. A. Gauges his own eyes out. B. Banished from Thebes. VI. His actions result in increased self-knowledge. A. By calling for the shepherd, Oedipus learns that the prophecy came true. B. Oedipus, unknowingly, killed his father and married his mother. VII. Does the audience feel pity for the character? A. Even though Oedipus and his parents tried to change the prophecy, it all came true in the end anyway. VIII. Conclusion Oedipus, a Tragic Hero? Aristotle uses six different points to define a tragic hero. The tragic hero must be of noble stature and have greatness. Though the tragic hero is pre-eminently great, he/she is not perfect. The hero’s downfall is partially his/her own fault, the result of free choice, not of accidental means. We will write a custom essay sample on Oedipus, a Tragic Hero? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The hero’s misfortune is not wholly deserved and the punishment exceeds the crime. The fall is not pure loss. And though it arouses solemn emotion, tragedy does not leave the audience in a state of depression. VCC Lit Online) Using Aristotle’s definition of a tragic hero, we will show that Oedipus in Oedipus the King is in fact a tragic hero and how his decisions led to his downfall. As Aristotle said, the tragic hero is a man of noble stature. This proved to be the case with Oedipus in the play  Oedipus the King. The tragic hero needs to have a noble stature so that when he falls, it arouses emotions of pity and fear in the audience. At the beginning of the drama Oedipus the King, we learn that Oedipus is the King of Thebes. Kennedy, Gioia) According to Aristotle, because Oedipus was born to nobility his high estate give him a place of dignity to fall from and perhaps makes his fall seem all the more a calamity in that it involves an entire nation or people. In addi tion to being a man of noble stature, Oedipus also is a tragic hero under the definition of Aristotle because his fall is a result of an act of injustice through ignorance. Because Oedipus is a tragic hero, he makes an error due to human fallibility and ends his suffering as a consequence. Free will and fallibility have caused Oedipus to wander down the path where he will fulfill the prophecy of killing his own father and marrying his own mother. (Essay Forum) Although Oedipus is a king and should be setting examples for society, he has major flaws such as pride and rage. The hero’s downfall, therefore, is partially his/her own fault. This is another point that Aristotle used to define a tragic hero. Oedipus’ downfall results from acts for which he himself is responsible. Oedipus is easily angered and lashed out at Tiresias when he told him that he is his wn murderer. (CliffsNotes) Before he could get any explanations, Oedipus sent Tiresias away in a fit of rage because his pride makes him unwilling to accept the truth. These flaws show that Oedipus acts on instinct and makes brash decisions. Oedipus also bears the characteristic of being stubborn and eventually forces the truth of his past out of the shepherd. It is also because of these characteristics that lead him to his downfall. â€Å"And I must hear it. But hear it I will. † (Kennedy, Gioia) Along with being a tragic hero because Oedipuss actions were his own fault, he is also what Aristotle defines as a tragic hero because his misfortune is not wholly deserved. The reason that Oedipuss misfortune is not fully deserved goes back to the fact that Oedipus was ignorant his entire life that the punishment and suffering that Oedipus goes through exceed the crimes he committed. Oedipus decides that he does not want to look upon the misery that he has caused and gauges his own eyes out with pins from a dress. He then banishes himself from the city of Thebes. Oedipus takes the responsibility as king and does not want his children shunned upon. As a consequence, Oedipus will live the rest of his life in blindness, as a punishment far worse that what he deserved. When Oedipus had vision he was in the dark for not knowing the past. However, when Oedipus blinded himself, he was brought from the darkness into the light because he finally knows of his destiny. Besides being a tragic hero whose punishment was not wholly deserved, Oedipus is also a tragic hero because his fall is not pure loss; his fall involves an increase of selfknowledge. Throughout the play, Oedipus is lacking the knowledge of who his real parents are. Also, Oedipus is stuck with the prophecy that he will eventually kill his father and marry his mother. The combination of these two things leads to changes in Oedipuss actions which lead him to actions that lead to his downfall. Basically, what it comes down to is that Oedipus was blind, figuratively, his entire life. It must be tough to live an entire lifetime without having full self-awareness and self-knowledge. Although the resolution of the play was the complete downfall of Oedipus, he did gain the knowledge that he was blind to reality his entire life. At the end of the play, Oedipus learns who his parents are, what he did to and with them, and who he really was. According to Aristotle, this acquisition of self-knowledge qualifies Oedipus as a tragic hero. Finally, in order to be a tragic hero, the audience has to feel pity for the character. Oedipus’ downfall elicits a great sense of pity from the audience. First, by blinding himself, as opposed to committing suicide, Oedipus achieves a kind of surrogate death that intensifies his suffering. He comments on the darkness- not just the literal inability to see, but also religious and intellectual darkness- that he faces after becoming bling. Classics,UPenn) Because of this, Oedipus is dead, for he receives none of the benefits of the living; at the same time, he is not dead by definition, and so his suffering cannot end. Oedipus receives the worst of both worlds between life and death, and he elicits greater pity from the audience. Second, Oedipus himself and the Chorus both n ote that Oedipus will continue after the tragedy’s conclusion. Oedipus’ suffering does not end with the play’ even so, the conclusion also presents a sense of closure to the play. Clearly, Oedipus’ unique downfall demands greater pity from the audience. (Weber. du) All tragedies have a tragic hero, including Oedipus in the play Oedipus the King. But what is a tragic hero. Aristotle used many different ways to define a tragic hero. His definition contains a set of guidelines that are parallel with the character of Oedipus. Aristotle’s tragic hero must be a man of noble stature (usually a king or prince), is good and his fall results from and act of injustice through ignorance, his downfall is his own fault, his misfortune is not wholly deserved, and finally the tragic fall is not a pure loss, r results in a gain of some self-knowledge for the character. Throughout the play Oedipus follow these guidelines and clearly emerges as a tragic hero. By definition, Oedipus is the tragic hero in Oedipus the King because he is noble, he is good, but commits an act of injustice through ignorance, his downfall is his own fault, his misfortune is not wholly deserved, and because his tragic fall is not one of pure loss.

Essay Sample on Early Christianity How Did It Appear

Essay Sample on Early Christianity How Did It Appear Early Christians faced intermittent persecution from roman officials. During the early centuries C.E., Roman authorities launched a series of campaigns to stamp out Christianity, since most Christians refused to observe the state cults that honored emperors as divine beings. Paradoxically, imperial officials viewed Christians as irreligious because they declined to participate in state-approved religious ceremonies. They also considered Christianity a menace to society because zealous missionaries attacked other religions and generated sometimes violent conflict. Nevertheless, Christian missionaries took full advantage of the Romans’ magnificent network of roads and sea lanes, which enabled them to carry their message throughout the Roman empire and the Mediterranean basin. During the second and third century C.E., countless missionaries took Paul of Tarsus as their example and worked zealously to attract converts. One of the more famous was Gregory the Wonderworker, a tireless missionary with a reputation for performing miracles, who popularized Christianity in central Anatolia during the mid-third century C.E. Contemporaries reported that Gregory not only preached Christian doctrine bit also expelled demons, moved boulders, diverted a river in flood, and persuaded observers that he had access to impressive supernatural powers. Gregory and his fellow missionaries helped to make Christianity an enormously popular religion of salvation in the Roman empire. By the late third century C.E., in spite of continuing imperial opposition, devout Christian communities flourished throughout the Mediterranean basin in Anatolia, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and north Africa as well as in Greece, Italy, Spain, and Gaul. As Christianity became a prominent source of religious inspiration within the Roman empire, the young faith also traveled the trade routes and found followers beyond the Mediterranean basin. By the second century C.E., sizable Christian communities flourished throughout Mesopotamia and Iran, and a few Christian churches had appeared as far away as India. Christians did not dominate eastern lands as they did the Roman empire, but they attracted large numbers of converts in southwest Asia. Indeed, alongside Jews and Zoroastrians, Christians constituted one of the major religious communities in the region, and they remained so even after the seventh century C.E., when the Islamic faith of Arab Muslim conquerors began to displace the older religious communities. Christian communities in Mesopotamia and Iran deeply influenced Christian practices in the Roman empire. To demonstrate utter loyalty to their faith, Christians in southwest Asia often followed strict ascetic regimes, inspired by Indian traditions, they abstained from sexual contact, refused fine foods and other comforts, and sometimes even withdrew from family life and society. These practices impressed devout Christians in the roman empire. By the third century C.E., some Mediterranean Christians had begun to abandon society altogether and live as hermits in the deserts of Egypt, the mountains of Greece, and other isolated locations. Others withdrew from lay society but lived in communities of like-minded individuals who devoted their efforts to prayer and praise of God. Thus ascetic practices of Christians living in lands east of the Roman empire helped to inspire the formation of Christian monastic communities in the Mediterranean basin. After the fifth century C.E., Christian communities in southwest Asia and the Mediterranean basin increasingly went separate ways. Most of the faithful in south west Asia became Nestorians followers of the Greek theologian Nestorius, who lived during the early fifth century and emphasized the human as opposed to the divine nature of Jesus. Mediterranean church authorities rejected Nestorius’s views, and many of his disciples departed for Mesopotamia and Iran. They soon became prominent in local Christian communities, and they introduced a strong organizational framework to the church in southwest Asia. Although they had limited dealings with Mediterranean Christians, the Nestorians spread their faith east across the silk roads. Nestorian merchants took their faith with them on trade missions, and by the early seventh century they had established communities in central Asia, India, and China.

Are international organisations sufficiently accountable Essay

Are international organisations sufficiently accountable - Essay Example human rights violations and the accountability of both the United Nations and the role of the related states are those complex challenges that make it necessary for critically assessing the role and negligence of the United Nations and its accountability relating to the gross violations of human rights are those issues that must be understood by keeping in view the jurisdiction of the international law and its different provisions relating to such cases in the international and regional conflicts. In the following parts of this paper, first the concept of accountability has been defined and discussed. In this part, various definitions of explanations by keeping in view the international law have been detailed. Subsequently, Along with this topic, the application of accountability concept to the United Nations has also been detailed. In this part, how the UN has failed to remain accountable for its activities and role in the conflict zones, such as Iraq, Afghanistan and Ukraine war, have severely damaged the perception of the UN as an international institution providing and protecting the human rights globally. Before the conclusion part, two cases studies, Somalia and the Kosovo war, have been critically discussed and analysed as well. Accountability is a highly controversial legal term and represents a legal dilemma.1 Accountability has not been properly defined and explained by the legal experts. Even if some legal authors have explained this concept with certain jurisdictions, others do not agree with it and remain critical of that definition and explanation. In this regard, it is important to further describe the term legal dilemma. For example, the international law and national legal law have different perspectives on certain issues as they have different stakeholders. More specifically, some countries legalise marijuana whereas the international law strong discourage and disallow such items as they are harmful for health. Under this situation, any

Google Analytic and Business Intelligence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Google Analytic and Business Intelligence - Essay Example Content group enables the company maximize on its search engine optimization. Monitoring goal conversions enables the company to measure how well the site contributes to its business objectives. Lastly, the e-commerce section contains reports on merchandising and revenue. However, these entire groups only provide the company with data. For actual business intelligence, Google Analytics enables the company cross-reference data from these categories, compare timelines or even compare two metric against each other to help to make sense out of the data (Clicksharpmarketing, 2008). Moreover the derived summaries could be presented in diagrammatic representations and even be shared Google shared with colleagues through email in different formats such as PDF or XML. The extent to which real estate financial organizations could learn from Google Analytics shall only be restricted by their own imagination. That is to say that they could cross-reference data from the five categories: visitors, traffic sources, ecommerce, content and goals to give them a wide breath of information. For example cross-referencing visitors with content real estate financial organization will be able to tell which properties are attracting the most attention as such they could adjust their costing accordingly. Also, traffic sources can inform them of localities having more demand for their services than others which may lead them to open outlets there or vice

How To Secure Routers And Switches Information Technology Essay

How To Secure Routers And Switches Information Technology Essay You have been approached by your manager give a talk on the Network security standard ISO 17799. Write a short precise detailing the purpose of this document and the main components within parts 1 and 2 of the document. (http://www.17799central.com/iso17799.htm) Write a brief analysis detailing the possible threats and consequences for a company that does not have an adequate Security Policy. Write a summary of how an Edge router can be configured into a firewall; include detail of how it can be used to filter traffic. Describe the operation of CBAC Detail the encryption techniques that are used in VPN systems and explain how/when they are used. Describe how you can secure/harden routers and switches Router hardening, password requirements, ssh, parser views, etc Port security, vlan hopping, anti-snooping, private vlans Multi-choice Review Questions 1. In which type of attack does the potential intruder attempt to discover and map out systems, services, and vulnerabilities? stake out reconnaissance tapping sniffing 2. Which type of attack prevents a user from accessing the targeted file server? Reconnaissance attack Denial of service attack Prevention of entry attack Disruption of structure attack 3. Which type of action does the ping sweep pose to an organization? eavesdropping reconnaissance denial of service unauthorized access 4. An employee of ABC Company receives an e-mail from a co-worker with an attachment. The employee opens the attachment and receives a call from the network administrator a few minutes later, stating that the employees machine has been attacked and is sending SMTP messages. Which category of attack is this? B) denial of service trojan horse port scanning password attack social engineering 5. What is a major characteristic of a Worm? D) malicious software that copies itself into other executable programs tricks users into running the infected software a set of computer instructions that lies dormant until triggered by a specific event exploits vulnerabilities with the intent of propagating itself across a network 6. A large investment firm has been attacked by a worm. In which order should the network support team perform the steps to mitigate the attack? A) A. inoculation B. treatment C. containment D. quarantine C,A,D,B A,B,C,D A,C,B,D D,A,C,B C,B,A,D 7. At XYZ Company, the policy for network use requires that employees log in to a Windows domain controller when they power on their work computers. Although XYZ does not implement all possible security measures, outgoing traffic is filtered using a firewall. Which security model is the company using? D) open access closed access hybrid access Restrictive access 8. Which three of these are common causes of persistent vulnerabilities in networks? (Choose three.) new exploits in existing software misconfigured hardware or software poor network design changes in the TCP/IP protocol changes in the core routers on the Internet end-user carelessness 9. A new network administrator is assigned the task of conducting a risk assessment of the companys network. The administrator immediately conducts a vulnerability assessment. Which important task should the administrator have completed first? threat identification security level application patch and update deployment asset identification perimeter security upgrade 10. A company deployed a web server on the company DMZ to provide external web services. While reviewing firewall log files, the administrator discovered that a connection was made to the internal e-mail server from the web server in DMZ. After reviewing the e-mail server logs, the administrator discovered that an unauthorized account was created. What type of attack was successfully carried out? phishing port redirection trust exploitation man-in-the-middle 11. Users are unable to access a company server. The system logs show that the server is operating slowly because it is receiving a high level of fake requests for service. Which type of attack is occurring? reconnaissance access DoS worms, viruses, and Trojan horses 12. Which two are examples of Distributed Denial of Service attacks? (Choose two.) B) D) SYN Flood Stacheldraht Ping of Death Smurf WinNuke Targa.c 13. Which two of these are examples of DDoS network attacks? (Choose two.) A) B) smurf attack Tribal Flood Network (TFN) teardrop.c man-in-the-middle attack port redirection social engineering 14. Which two are technological weaknesses that can lead to a breach in an organizations security? (Choose two.) C) D) software compatibility weakness DHCP security weakness TCP/IP protocol weakness operating system weakness LDAP weakness 15. What is the effect of applying this command to a Cisco router? E) router(config)# no service finger UNIX commands are disabled on the router. All TCP/IP services are disabled. PING usage is disabled. Users logged into the router remotely will not be able to see if other users are logged into the router 16. A partial router configuration is shown in the graphic. The network administrator adds the following command at the router prompt. router(config)# security passwords min-length 10 Which of the following is correct? A) The current password will continue to be used as a valid password until changed. No password is required. The current password is invalid and will not allow a login. A password that is at least ten characters long must immediately be implemented for a successful login. 17. The Security Wheel promotes a continuous process to retest and reapply updated security measures. What is the core or à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"hubà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ã‚  component of the Security Wheel? D) testing policy monitor improve security policy 18. After providing for all operational requirements of the network, the network support team has determined that the servers should be hardened against security threats so that the network can operate at full potential. At which stage of the network life cycle does server hardening occur? E) planning design implementation operation optimization 19. A network administrator installs a new stateful firewall. Which type of security solution is this? secure connectivity threat defense policy enforcement trust and identity authentication 20. XYZ Company recently adopted software for installation on critical servers that will detect malicious attacks as they occur. In addition, the software will stop the execution of the attacks and send an alarm to the network administrator. Which technology does this software utilize? host-based intrusion detection host-based intrusion protection host-based intrusion prevention host-based intrusion notification 21. A security team is charged with hardening network devices. What must be accomplished first before deciding how to configure security on any device? Audit all relevant network devices. Document all router configurations. Create or update security policies. Complete a vulnerability assessment. 22. Which two objectives must a security policy accomplish? (Choose two.) provide a checklist for the installation of secure servers describe how the firewall must be configured document the resources to be protected identify the security objectives of the organization identify the specific tasks involved in hardening a router 23. Which router command will result in the router only accepting passwords of 16 characters or more? service password-encryption enable secret min-length 16 security passwords min-length 16 security passwords max-length 16 24. Which command will encrypt all passwords in the router configuration file? D) enable secret password encrypt all enable password-encryption service password-encryption no clear-text password 25. MD5 can be used for authenticating routing protocol updates for which three protocols? (Choose three.) B), D) E) RIPv1 RIPv2 IGRP EIGRP BGP 26. Which configuration will allow an administrator to access the console port using a password of password? B) router(config)# line aux 0 router(config-line)# login router(config-line)# password password router(config)# line console 0 router(config-line)# login router(config-line)# password password router(config)# line console 0 router(config-line)# password password router(config)# line console 0 router(config-line)# access router(config-line)# password password router(config)# line vty 0 router(config-line)# password password router(config)# line vty 0 router(config-line)# access router(config-line)# password password 27. Which command sets the inactivity timer, for a particular line or group of lines, to four minutes and fifteen seconds? E router(config)# line-timeout 4 15 router(config-line)# line-timeout 4 15 router(config-line)# exec-timeout 255 router(config-line)# timeout 255 router(config-line)# exec-timeout 4 15 router(config-line)# line-timeout 255 28. Which encryption type uses the MD5 hash algorithm? Type 0 Type 1 Type 5 Type 7 29. Which privilege level has the most access to the Cisco IOS? level 0 level 1 level 7 level 15 level 16 level 20 30. Which algorithm implements stateful connection control through the PIX Security Appliance? Network Address Translation Algorithm Access Control Security Algorithm Adaptive Security Algorithm Spanning Tree Protocol Algorithm 31. The Cisco Security Device Manager (SDM) allows administrators to securely configure supported routers by using which security protocol in Microsoft Internet Explorer? B) IPSec SSL SSH L2TP PPTP 32. A network administrator has received a Cisco PIX Security Appliance from another division within the company. The existing configuration has IP addresses that will cause problems on the network. What command sequence will successfully clear all the existing IP addresses and configure a new IP address on ethernet0? B) pix1(config)# clear ip all pix1(config)# interface ethernet0 pix1(config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.2 pix1(config)# clear ip pix1(config)# interface ethernet0 pix1(config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.0 pix1(config)# no ip address pix1(config)# interface ethernet0 pix1(config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.0 pix1(config)# clear ip pix1(config)# interface ethernet0 pix1(config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.2 0.0.0.255 33. A network team is configuring a Cisco PIX Security Appliance for NAT so that local addresses are translated. The team is creating a global address pool using a subnet of network 192.168.5.0 with a 27-bit mask. What is the proper syntax to set up this global address pool? B) pix1(config)# global (inside) 1 192.168.5.33-192.168.5.62 pix1(config)# global (outside) 1 192.168.5.33-192.168.5.62 pix1(config)# global (inside) 1 192.168.5.65-192.168.5.95 pix1(config)# global (outside) 1 192.168.5.65-192.168.5.95 pix1(config)# global (inside) 1 192.168.5.64-192.168.5.127 pix1(config)# global (outside) 1 192.168.5.65-192.168.5.127 34. A network administrator has configured an access control list on the Cisco PIX Security Appliance that allows inside hosts to ping outside hosts for troubleshooting. Which debug command can be used to troubleshoot if pings between hosts are not successful? debug icmp inside outside debug ping debug icmp trace debug trace icmp 35. Which protocol provides time synchronization? STP TSP NTP SMTP L2TP 36. Which command would configure a PIX Security Appliance to send syslog messages from its inside interface to a syslog server with the IP address of 10.0.0.3? D pixfirewall(config)# syslog inside 10.0.0.3 pixfirewall(config)# logging inside 10.0.0.3 pixfirewall(config)# syslog host inside 10.0.0.3 pixfirewall(config)# logging host inside 10.0.0.3 37. The configuration in the graphic has been entered into a PIX Security Appliance with three interfaces. The interfaces are inside, outside, and DMZ. What source address range will the traffic from inside devices use when they access devices in the DMZ? 10.0.0.1 to 10.0.0.254 172.16.0.20 to 172.16.0.254 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.0.254 192.168.0.20 to 192.168.0.254 10.0.0.1 to 10.255.255.254 38. What source IP address will the traffic from devices in the 10.0.2.0 network have when they leave the trusted network? C) 192.168.0.8 always 192.168.0.9 always 192.168.0.8 if ports are available, or 192.168.0.9 if 192.168.0.8s ports are exhausted 192.168.0.9 if ports are available, or 192.168.0.8 if 192.168.0.9s ports are exhausted 39. The commands in the graphic have been entered into a PIX Security Appliance. Which two statements are accurate descriptions of what will happen to outgoing traffic when it leaves the trusted network? (Choose two.) B) C) The source IP address will be from a pool of addresses in the 192.168.0.3 to 192.168.0.254 range. The source port will be a random port above port 1023. The source IP address will be 192.168.0.2 for all outgoing traffic. The source port will be port 1024. The source IP address will be in the range 10.0.0.1 to 10.0.255.254. 40. Interface Ethernet3 on a PIX Security Appliance has been configured with three subinterfaces to pass tagged traffic from three different VLANs. What protocol will be used to tag the VLAN traffic? ISL 802.1x VTP 802.1q 41. Which two commands will configure a static default route on the PIX Security Appliance in the network shown in the graphic? (Choose two.) route inside outside 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 172.16.0.2 1 route outside 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 172.16.0.2 1 ip route inside outside 0 0 192.168.0.2 1 route outside 0 0 172.16.0.2 1 ip route inside outside 0 0 172.16.0.2 1 route outside 0 0 192.168.0.2 1 42. How are transactions between a RADIUS client and a RADIUS server authenticated? by using a shared secret which is never sent over the network by hashing the secret using MD5 and then sending it over the network by hashing the secret using MD4 and then sending it over the network by using a clear-text password and then sending it over the network 43. RADIUS uses which transport layer protocol? C) IP TCP UDP ICMP DLC 44. Which authentication method is susceptible to playback attacks? C) passwords using S/KEY passwords using token card passwords requiring periodic change passwords using one-time password technology 45. Which authentication method sends passwords over the network in clear text yet protects against eavesdropping and password cracking attacks? C) authentication with FTP authentication with Telnet authentication with S/KEY authentication in POP3 e-mail 46. After a security audit, network managers realized that the authentication method used by their telecommuting employees needed to be improved. They set up a server and installed client software on the employee laptops of their remote users. They also provided a device for each remote user that generated a password every time they needed to make a remote network connection. Which authentication technology does this process describe? B) authentication with S/KEY authentication with token card authentication with encrypted password authentication with compressed password 47. What function does a digital certificate offer to information security? C) authorization accounting nonrepudiation intrusion prevention 48. Bookline Inc., an online bookstore, recently installed a web server running Microsoft Windows 2003 Server. Where should the company obtain a digital signature for the web server in order to assure customers that they are connecting to Booklines server and not an impersonating web server? a digital signature generated by the CA in Microsofts corporate headquarters a digital signature generated by the CA from a trusted third party a digital signature generated by the CA from a government agency a digital signature generated by any CA that establishes a secure connection 49. A large law firm wishes to secure dialup access to its corporate network for employees working at home. Since much of the data to be transmitted is highly confidential, the firm requires a high level of encryption and also prefers that each component of AAA be provided separately. Which security protocol best meets these requirements? TACACS XTACACS TACACS+ RADIUS 50. What are three reasons TACACS+ is preferred over RADIUS for authentication services? (Choose three.) RADIUS has limited name space for attributes. RADIUS is not an industry supported standard. TACACS+ encrypts the entire TACACS+ packet. TACACS+ authentication is included with more recent Windows Server versions. TACACS+ separates authentication and authorization. RADIUS uses TCP as a transport protocol creating additional overhead 51. A static username/password authentication method is susceptible to which three types of attacks? (Choose three.) playback theft teardrop syn flood eavesdropping 52. Company security policy requires the use of a centralized AAA server for network access authentication. Which two protocols are supported by the AAA server? (Choose two.) C) D) IPSec SSL RADIUS TACACS+ SSH 53. Which three are functions of AAA? (Choose three.) A), C) E) accounting availability authentication architecture authorization accessibility 54. A network administrator wishes to use port-level authentication technology to determine network access and assign IP addresses from different DHCP pools to authenticated and unauthenticated users. What standardized framework supports this objective? A) IEEE 802.1x IEEE 802.11af IEEE 802.1q IEEE 802.1p 55. What will be the result of executing the command in the graphic? C) The default login method will use TACACS+ only. TACACS+ accounting will be enabled at login. The enable password will be used if a TACACS+ server is not available. The default TACACS+ user shell will be enabled. 56. Which AAA service reduces IT operating costs by providing detailed reporting and monitoring of network user behavior, and also by keeping a record of every access connection and device configuration change across the network? authentication accreditation accounting authorization 57. What tool should you use to add a single user account to the Cisco Secure ACS for Windows user database? database replication Unknown User Policy RDBMS Synchronization Cisco Secure ACS HTML interface 58. Refer to the exhibit. Which two services can the network access server use to direct requests from the remote user to the Cisco Secure ACS authentication service? (Choose two.) CSAuth CSUtil RADIUS RDBMS TACACS+ 59. RTA(config)# tacacs-server key [emailprotected]? RTA(config)# tacacs-server host 10.1.2.4 RTA(config)# tacacs-server host 10.1.2.5 What will be the effect of these commands on router RTA? C) The TACACS+ server is now authenticating for the hosts 10.1.2.4 and 10.1.2.5. The TACACS+ server key has been exported to the hosts 10.1.2.4 and 10.1.2.5. The TACACS+ servers 10.1.2.4 and 10.1.2.5 and the router have been set to share the same authentication key. The TACACS+ servers are 10.1.2.4 and 10.1.2.5 and the configuration adds router RTA as a third TACACS+ server. 60. RTA(config)# aaa new-model RTA(config)# aaa authentication login default group tacacs+ enable After entering the configuration shown, the administrator loses the connection to the router before having the chance to create a new TACACS+ account. What is the easiest way for the administrator to regain administrative access to router RTA? C) Connect to the router, and use the default TACACS+ username and password. Erase NVRAM, and redo the configuration from scratch. Connect to the router, and supply the enable password. Perform a password recovery procedure on the router 61. Which command associates the group MYGROUP with the AAA server using the TACACS+ protocol? D) Pixfirewall(config)# aaa-server MYGROUP tacacs+ protocol Pixfirewall(config)# aaa-server protocol tacacs+ MYGROUP Pixfirewall(config)# aaa-server tacacs+ protocol MYGROUP Pixfirewall(config)# aaa-server MYGROUP protocol tacacs+ 62. Which configuration command defines the association of initiating HTTP protocol traffic with an authentication proxy name MYPROXY? C) Router(config)# ip auth-proxy MYPROXY http Router(config)# auth-proxy MYPROXY ip http Router(config)# ip auth-proxy name MYPROXY http Router(config)# auth-proxy name MYPROXY ip http 63. With the following configuration command, how long does the PIX Security Appliance try to access the AAA server 10.0.1.10 before choosing the next AAA server if there is no response from 10.0.1.10? aaa-server MYTACACS (inside) host 10.0.1.10 secretkey 12 seconds 15 seconds 20 seconds 30 seconds 64. Which command will enable AAA services on a router? B Router(config)# aaa enable Router(config)# aaa new-model Router(config)# aaa set enable Router(config)# aaa new-model enable 65. What is the default timeout in minutes for the inactivity-timer parameter of the ip auth-proxy command? 15 30 45 60 90 66. The network administrator configured the aaa authorization command below on the PIX Security Appliance. What is the effect of this command? pix(config)# aaa authorization include tcp/22 outside 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 auth1 FTP traffic from outside is subject to authorization by the AAA server. SSH traffic from outside is subject to authorization by the AAA server. HTTP traffic from outside is subject to authorization by the AAA server. SMTP traffic from outside is subject to authorization by the AAA server. 67. Which type of authentication is being used when authentication is required via the PIX Security Appliance before direct traffic flow is allowed between users and the company web server? C) access authentication console access authentication cut-through proxy authentication tunnel access authentication 68. What will be the effect in the router after these configuration commands are entered? B) Router(config)# ip auth-proxy name aprule http Router(config)# interface ethernet0 Router(config-if)# ip auth-proxy aprule An authentication proxy rule called aprule is created making all authentication proxy services available only through the ethernet0 interface. An authentication proxy rule called aprule has been created for the HTTP protocol and is associated with the ethernet0 interface. An authentication proxy rule called aprule has been created for all protocols except the HTTP protocol and is associated with the ethernet0 interface. An authentication proxy rule called aprule has been created for the HTTP server running internally to the router and is associated with anyone attempting to access the web server from the ethernet0 interface. 69. When Cisco IOS Firewall authentication proxy is enabled, a user sends HTTP traffic which will trigger the authentication proxy. What is the first action taken by the proxy? C) The user will be asked to supply a valid username and password. The TACACS+ server will be contacted to see if the user is a valid user. The authentication proxy will check to see if the user has already been authenticated. If the authentication proxy has no user account for the user, it will check to see if a default guest user has been defined. 70. A TACACS+ server is configured to provide authentication, authorization, and accounting. The IP address of the server is 192.168.50.1, and the AAA authentication encryption key is S3crtK3y. Which command sequence will configure a Cisco router to communicate with the TACACS+ server? D) Router(config)# aaa new-model Router(config)# aaa authentication default group tacacs+ Router(config)# aaa authorization auth-proxy default group tacacs+ Router(config)# aaa tacacs-server host 192.168.50.1 Router(config)# aaa tacacs-server key S3crtK3y Router(config)# aaa enable Router(config)# aaa authentication default group tacacs+ Router(config)# aaa authorization auth-proxy default group tacacs+ Router(config)# tacacs-server host 192.168.50.1 Router(config)# tacacs-server key S3crtK3y Router(config)# aaa enable Router(config)# aaa authentication login default group tacacs+ Router(config)# aaa authorization auth-proxy default group tacacs+ Router(config)# aaa tacacs-server host 192.168.50.1 Router(config)# aaa tacacs-server key S3crtK3y Router(config)# aaa new-model Router(config)# aaa authentication login default group tacacs+ Router(config)# aaa authorization auth-proxy default group tacacs+ Router(config)# tacacs-server host 192.168.50.1 Router(config)# tacacs-server key S3crtK3y 71. The lead network administrator notices that unknown users have made router configuration changes. These changes are adversely affecting the network. Which command can be entered on the router to help identify future configuration changes and who made these changes? aaa accounting show uauth aaa accounting console aaa accounting match 72. Refer to the exhibit. Since ABC, Inc. is strengthening security, a PIX Security Appliance firewall must be configured with AAA services. Accounting should be provided for all FTP and HTTP traffic from any host to the WWW server at 192.168.2.10. Which command sequence would successfully process the desired traffic to the NY_ACS accounting server? A pixfirewall(config)# access-list 110 permit tcp any host 192.168.2.10 eq ftp pixfirewall(config)# access-list 110 permit tcp any host 192.168.2.10 eq http pixfirewall(config)# aaa accounting match 110 outside NY_ACS pixfirewall(config)# access-list 110 permit tcp any host 192.168.2.10 eq ftp pixfirewall(config)# access-list 110 permit tcp any host 192.168.2.10 eq http pixfirewall(config)# aaa accounting access-list 110 outside 10.0.0.2 pixfirewall(config)# access-list 110 permit tcp any host 10.0.0.2 eq ftp pixfirewall(config)# access-list 110 permit tcp any host 10.0.0.2 eq http pixfirewall(config)# aaa accounting match 110 outside NY_ACS pixfirewall(config)# access-list 110 permit tcp any host 192.168.2.10 eq ftp pixfirewall(config)# access-list 110 permit tcp any host 192.168.2.10 eq http pixfirewall(config)# aaa accounting match 110 outside 10.0.0.2 73. Which command displays the current authenticated users, the host IP to which they are bound, and any cached IP and port authorization information on a Cisco PIX Security Appliance configured for AAA? B) pixfirewall(config)# show aaa all pixfirewall(config)# show uauth pixfirewall(config)# show aaa statistics pixfirewall(config)# show aaa-server 74. A user has initiated an HTTP session through a firewall and has been authenticated by an authentication proxy. They have not generated any traffic in a while and the idle timer has expired for that user. What will the user have to do to allow them to go through the firewall again? D) The user can manually restart the idle timer. The user can simply TFTP their user profile to t

Culture Essay -- Anthropology, Durkheim, Functionalism

Throughout the complex yet recognised studies upon sociological phenomena, the term ‘culture’ continues to astound anthropological revisions. Whether or not a definition of ‘culture’ can be determined, or merely the exact forces which bring about such an abstract entity, the concept that culture exists can be acknowledged with focus to structural functionalism. The precise justification for culture itself began to enlighten anthropologists such as Durkheim, who in turn has encouraged studies from Malinowski and Parsons for instance. Still, existing theories suggest intensely dynamic and multifaceted definitions of ‘culture’, those of which ‘explain’ culture with various stances. Within contemporary studies, culture itself is often implied using the notion of functionalism. Durkheim outlines a society as a functional culture; both culture and society encompass systems and institutions which determine their own intentions (Durkheim, 1982). Each institution in a culture or society is a portrayal of the exact functions they have in that specific culture or society. Structural functionalism represents a paradigm of reality which interconnects the facets of civilisation and social order (Parsons, 1973). What’s more, it is these interrelations which may define culture as a system of collective purposes. Those specific purposes are determined by the civilisation of which they are present, thus often localised. Malinowski developed interpretations of functionalism in order to avoid ethnocentric ethnographies, and his work emphasises the impression that biological needs of a community are the forces which generate culture (Malinowski, 1944). The needs of a society encourage the development of institutions which function to fulf... ...xtent to which culture can be explained is very limited. A cultural system entitles the recognition of moral codes, survival mechanisms, cognition and an interaction with the environment. Durkheim revolutionised anthropological thoughts amongst sociological theory but the phenomena of ‘culture’ can scarcely be defined. An explanation of culture may encompass the notion that a specific set of views and behaviours will be adopted by a people and they will respond in certain ways, which is their culture. It is a form of society and believing which deviates towards a state of equilibrium; a state which will incorporate shared ideals and morality. The mere complexity and dynamic structure of culture ensures difficulty when explaining the concept; without properly being able to distinguish what culture is, one is also unable to determine its meaning and purpose.

Environmental Impact of Aviation Essay

Today, the world is bothered by the environmental issues reverberating in different parts of the world. Part of this environmental issue is focused on global warming. As part of the whole world’s response on the important concern, laws and policies have been drafted. Some of the known environmental policies are Clean Air Act and the Kyoto Protocol. Meanwhile, the Kyoto Protocol is an agreement between different nations, mainly industrialized, adopted on December 1997 in Kyoto, Japan (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 2008). The central function of the protocol is to set a target on the greenhouse gas emission for member countries (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 2008). This is to further reduce the impending consequences of the greenhouse effect. Since the report of international scientist that climate change is worsening, all sector of the society and all nations have been invited to participate in activities primarily to help cut gas emissions. Each government of member nations also implemented programs in order to reduce the gas emission that is aggravating the global environment situation. For the past years, the reality of the phenomenon has been severally debated, even among politicians. Eventually, environment was considered as priority in the policy making. Additionally, the international concern on global warming has reached every sector, big or small, in the society. Among the business sectors, rules and regulations have also been adopted internationally in order that a standard of environmentally hazardous substances be eliminated or minimized. An example could be the non use of lead. In Europe, the Restriction on Hazardous Substances was adopted and imposed upon all its suppliers worldwide (ROHS, 2008). According to the guidelines, minimum amount of the hazardous substances should be maintained. Hence, quality of the product depends on the substances comprising the product. The environmental issue, however, is not only limited to gas emissions and global warming. Instead it covers all kinds of pollution. In the field of aviation, policies and guidelines on environmental compliance also apply. Aviation plays a vital role in transportation. It is the easiest, fastest, and more convenient means in transporting people and goods from one border to another or from nation to nation. Being an essential factor in the growth of economy, it also has an essential contribution to global warming and other environmental problems. Remarkably, the aviation contributes to various environmental problems. One of the major problems faced by aviation industry is the noise pollution being suffered by the residence nearby airports (Kutz, 2008). At present, the aviation is one among the growing business opportunities. Since new and more improved planes have been introduced, the air traffic also increases. As such, there is also intensification of the environmental concerns. The second environmental problem affecting the industry is the climate change. Climate change is the foremost environmental phenomenon that is bothering the international community. In addition, it is believed to be the cause of the drastic change in weather and the emergence of illnesses. The third major problem being caused by aviation is the poor air quality (Kutz, 2008). All these environmental concerns are mandated by laws to be addressed by the aviation industry. In the field of aviation, BAA is widely known for being the world’s leading airport company (House of Commons, et. al. , 2004). At present, it is operating eight airports namely; Heathrow, Gatwick, Stansted, Glasgow, Edinburgh, Aberdeen, Southampton, and Naples (BAA, 2008). At present, its success still continues to shine and more developments are being planned in the future. In a report propounded by the BAA for year 2005-2006, the company laid down in details the achievements and plans of each airport. Aside from that, it also presented its financial statement to show the financial operation of the company. At a glance, the company has indeed a successful and is in a stable financial status. The over-all operation and employee handling are excellent. According to Mick Temple, Divisional Director, the company recognizes the existence of the environmental issues (Temple). But, the report of BAA did not actually addressed all issue about environment related to airline or airport. In addition, the BAA presented its report in a categorical yet orderly manner. After presenting the achievements, developments, and plans of each airport, the BAA also discussed issues faced by the company. It has specified corporate responsibilities. In scrutinizing the report, the BAA did not actually address all environmental problems. As stated earlier, aviation industry is challenged by problems on poor air quality, noise pollution, and climate change. In the report of the BAA, the report laid down the corporate responsibilities of the company but in a summarized and general form. Although it has addressed all the problems cited, it did not actually specified its future plan, present programs, current status and its over-all stand on the impending environmental problems. In addressing the environmental problem on air quality, the report stated its concern on the problem that is affecting both local and national (Temple). Notably, airports around emits nitrogen dioxide and other fine particles that have negative effect on heath and environment (BAA, 2008). In addition, it has stressed on government’s declaration of Heathrow’s compliance to EU Air Quality Standard (Temple). Contributing to poor air quality, however, are M4 and M25 traffic (BAA, 2008). Likewise, the report merely added measures it can implement in order to comply with the standard. These measures include â€Å"investing in public transport, promoting alternative fuels for airport- based vehicles, and using charges to penalise aircraft with poorer emissions standards† (Temple, p. 35). However, no other reports were propounded to show that these measures have been adopted. Furthermore, the company merely reiterates its desire to review its emission while extending help to other companies with regard to the problem. As to noise pollution, the aviation is considered as one among the major contributor due to noise caused by take offs and landings? taxiing, and engine tests (BAA, 2008). With regard to BAA’s stand on noise pollution, the company has laid down its strategies in minimizing the noise. In addition, it stated its desire to work with local government, airlines, and air traffic controllers to jointly implement these strategies. First strategy is the encouragement on the use of quieter new aircraft and engine by the manufacturers (Temple). The second strategy is giving reward to those airlines using a quieter aircrafts. The fourth strategy is the improvement of compliance with quieter operating practices (Temple). The last strategy is concerned with updates of information by keeping the noise-sufferers informed better (Temple). Today, the company is doing its part in addressing the complaints of those affected by the noise of airports. Furthermore, on the most relevant environmental issue on climate change, the company proudly stressed its target of 15% reduction on its carbon dioxide emission by 2010, which is even higher than the standard (Temple). The company’s strategy is focused on energy efficiency and renewable energy (Temple). Moreover, it has also implied its adherence to Emission trading which allows business incapable of achieving the target to buy permits from those industries that are capable but only within an overall cap (Temple). At present, the company is lobbying for the recognition of the emission trading to be an acceptable mechanism in greenhouse gas emission. In addition, in its desire to reduce the impact of climate change, the company is committed in investing into new energy efficient technology, sourcing out more renewable energy, reducing emissions of vehicles in the airport, among others (BAA, 2008). Based on the above mentioned, the report of BAA may be said to have mentioned the major environmental problems faced by airlines and airports. However, it was not able to state its impact on environment. It did not also laid down the programs it has adopted to address the issue. But nevertheless, it has recognized its role in the environment. By looking into the context of the report, is can be said that the company has been unfairly assessed. It is unfair on the reason that the report presented more on the developments, future plans, and achievements of the company but did not directly addressed on the corporate responsibilities. It is true that corporate responsibility have been included in the middle part, but there is no clear stand of the company. The report stressed on the company’s plan to expand, increase passengers, intensify investment but there are no more details as to the company’s action on environmental issues. Significantly, it did not state any of its achievements in helping in the abatement of the environmental problems. It merely presented it strategies but no update has been included as to the implementation and status of the company. Interestingly, the report of the Managing Directors of each airport has concentrated on the importance of shareholders. Hence, the report was concentrated on the good sides about the company. Airports and airlines are considered as one among the places vulnerable of being attacked by terrorist groups. Notably, in 2007, Glasgow Airport has been attacked by terrorists (BAA, 2008). On that very threatening day, the company has been given an idea on the loopholes on the airport’s security. It is also of no doubt that millions of passengers and employees come in and out of the airport. In line with this, the treat of terrorism has made passenger paranoid about safety. Hence, it is but necessary that safety should be the paramount concern of the company. In response to the attack in July, 2007, the company declared its dedication in making its passengers secure. As part of its response, the company has closely worked with the Department for Transport (DfT) for guidance on its security measures (Temple). Moreover, in concurrence with the government’s standard, the company has conducted a full range review of its security systems (Temple). In order to show its sincerity in making its airports secured and safe, the company has started using technological innovations such as hold-baggage screening, new security screening and x-ray screening (Temple). In line with the company’s purpose of ensuring safety and health of its passengers and employees, policies and programs have been adopted. Additionally, according to the report, the company’s stance on security is that it is considering it as a crucial issue. Aside from its possible effect on the company’s reputation, it also recognizes its effect on passengers’ experiences. As such, the company works closely with the government agencies, armed forces, and police force in order to upgrade its security system and match with that of government security (Temple). Furthermore, it has committed itself to comply with regulations concerning safety. In accordance with this, the Health, Safety, Security and Environment (HSSE) Executive Committee have been founded with the primary goal of determining and addressing these issues affecting the company (Temple). With the growing environmental concern, some say that aviation industry is not a sustainable business. However, BAA has proven this statement wrong. In order that environmental issue be addressed and at the same time maintain or increase the profitability of the company, the company may enhance its training on environmental awareness to its employees and passengers. In addition, carbon dioxide emission can be reduced through the use of biodeisel and other alternative energy. Moreover, through reducing its flight, the company could decrease its environmental impact but can increase profit because all flights would be certainly be filled. Another measure could be on the retail sector. Since the airports are open for stores, environmental measures should also be imposed upon them. Some of the policy that can be adopted is the ban on non-recyclable things. Through this measure, all waste coming from stores would be put to recycling areas. Finally, the company could enhance its pro- environment policies despite cost on its part. This way, the cost would be repaid by the loyalty and continued patronage of the passengers. References BAA. (2008). Corporate Responsibility. Retrieved October 31, 2008, from http://www. baa. com/portal/site/default/menuitem. a875fc32913746f398a5e186c02865a0/. House of Commons, Great Britain Parliament – Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Committee. (2004). International Challenge of Climate. London: The Stationery Office. Kutz, M. (2008). Environmentally Conscious Transportation. London: John Wiley and Sons. ROHS. (2008). Restriction on the Use of hazardous Substances (ROHS). Retrieved October 31, 2008, from http://www. rohs. gov. uk/. Temple, M. (2008). BAA Annual Report 2005/06. Corporate Responsibility. Retrieved October 31, 2008, from http://www. baa. com/assets//B2CPortal/Static%20Files/BAA_Annualreport_05-06. pdf. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. (2008). Kyoto Protocol. Retrieved October 31, 2008, from http://unfccc. int/kyoto_protocol/items/2830. php.